Calvinism, the influential theological tradition founded by John Calvin, had a significant global reach and left a lasting impact on the development of Christianity. Its origins can be traced back to Geneva, Switzerland, where Calvin established a strict form of Protestantism that became a major center for the spread of Calvinist beliefs.
Key Takeaways:
- Calvinism, founded by John Calvin, had a significant global influence on the development of Christianity.
- Geneva, Switzerland, served as a major hub for spreading Calvinist beliefs.
- Calvinism spread beyond Geneva to countries such as England, Scotland, France, the Netherlands, Germany, and Constantinople.
- Calvinism appealed to people from different social and geographic backgrounds.
- Calvin’s theological teachings, as outlined in the Institutes of the Christian Religion, continue to shape Reformed and Presbyterian churches today.
The Origins of Calvinism in Geneva, Switzerland
Geneva, Switzerland, played a pivotal role in the development and spread of Calvinism, with John Calvin’s teachings and reforms influencing the religious landscape of the city. Calvinism, a theological tradition founded by John Calvin in the 16th century, emphasized the sovereignty of God, the doctrine of predestination, and the authority of scripture. Under Calvin’s leadership, Geneva became a major center for the spread of Calvinist beliefs.
Calvin’s teachings in Geneva attracted religious refugees from various parts of Europe, who were trained as ministers in Geneva’s newly established theological academy. These ministers then returned to their home countries with a strong commitment to spreading the Gospel and promoting the principles of Calvinism. The city of Geneva became a hub for theological education, attracting scholars and theologians from across Europe.
The influence of Calvinism spread beyond Geneva and had a significant impact in several prominent locations. In England and Scotland, Calvinism took root and became a major theological force, shaping religious and political movements. In France, Calvinism faced persecution but also gained a significant number of followers, known as Huguenots. The Netherlands also embraced Calvinism, where it became the dominant religious force, shaping Dutch society and culture. Germany saw the coexistence of Calvinism with other Protestant traditions, contributing to religious and political changes of the time. Calvinism even reached Constantinople, modern-day Istanbul, and influenced local Christian communities.
The appeal of Calvinism extended across social and geographic boundaries, making converts in every social group. Its theological teachings, as outlined in John Calvin’s seminal work, the Institutes of the Christian Religion, had a profound impact on the formation of the modern world. Today, Calvinism continues to shape the beliefs and practices of Reformed and Presbyterian churches worldwide, carrying forward the enduring significance of this influential theological tradition.
| Prominent Calvinism Locations |
|---|
| Geneva, Switzerland |
| England and Scotland |
| France |
| The Netherlands |
| Germany |
| Constantinople |
Calvinism’s Influence in England and Scotland
Calvinism found fertile ground in both England and Scotland, where it gained popularity and left an indelible mark on the religious and political landscapes of these nations. During the 16th and 17th centuries, Calvinist ideas spread across the British Isles, challenging the established religious order and inspiring significant social and political changes.
In England, Calvinism took root primarily among the Puritans, a group of reform-minded Protestants who sought to eliminate what they saw as remnants of Catholicism within the Church of England. They embraced Calvinist beliefs such as predestination and strict adherence to scripture, advocating for a simpler, more purified form of worship. The influence of Calvinism on the Puritans played a significant role in shaping England’s religious and cultural identity during this period.
In Scotland, Calvinism became the dominant theological force, thanks in large part to the efforts of John Knox. Knox, a disciple of Calvin, played a key role in establishing the Presbyterian Church of Scotland, which embraced Reformed theology and church governance. The spread of Calvinism in Scotland led to a series of religious reforms known as the Scottish Reformation, which challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and established Protestantism as the official religion.
| Calvinism in England | Calvinism in Scotland |
|---|---|
| Influenced the Puritans | Establishment of the Presbyterian Church |
| Shaped England’s religious and cultural identity | Challenged the authority of the Catholic Church |
| Promoted a simpler, more purified form of worship | Embraced Reformed theology and church governance |
The influence of Calvinism in England and Scotland extended beyond religious matters and had a profound impact on the political landscape. Calvinist principles such as the sovereignty of God and the moral duty of individuals to resist unjust rule resonated with those advocating for political reform and resistance against absolute monarchy. This culminated in events such as the English Civil War and the Scottish Wars of the Covenant, which had far-reaching consequences for the development of democracy and individual rights.
Calvinism’s expansion into England and Scotland not only transformed the religious and political landscapes but also shaped the beliefs and practices of Reformed and Presbyterian churches that continue to thrive today. The enduring legacy of Calvinism in these nations serves as a testament to the power of theological ideas to shape societies and influence the course of history.
Despite facing severe persecution, Calvinism attracted a devoted following in France and played a crucial role in shaping religious debates and conflicts during this period. Calvinist beliefs spread throughout the country, particularly among the urban middle class and noble families. The French Wars of Religion, spanning from the late 16th to the early 17th century, were fueled by religious tensions between Catholics and Calvinists, known as Huguenots. These conflicts resulted in significant political and social upheaval, leaving a lasting impact on French history.
Calvinism’s influence in France extended beyond theological debates and sectarian violence. The Huguenots played a prominent role in French intellectual and cultural life, contributing to literature, philosophy, and science. Many Huguenots were skilled artisans and craftsmen, known for their craftsmanship and entrepreneurial spirit. Their presence in the French economy was significant, and their forced exile following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 had detrimental effects on France’s economic development.
It is worth noting that despite their persecution, the Huguenots remained steadfast in their faith and maintained a strong sense of identity. Today, their descendants can be found across the globe, particularly in the United States, as they sought refuge in other countries where they contributed to various fields and left a lasting legacy.
To illustrate the spread of Calvinism in France and its impact on religious and political landscapes, let us take a look at the following table showcasing key events and figures during this period:
| Event | Date | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Massacre of Vassy | 1562 | Triggered the French Wars of Religion |
| Edict of Nantes | 1598 | Granted limited religious freedom to Huguenots |
| Revocation of the Edict of Nantes | 1685 | Resulted in the persecution and forced exile of Huguenots |
| St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre | 1572 | One of the deadliest episodes of violence during the religious conflicts |
Despite its tumultuous history, the influence of Calvinism in France cannot be understated. It shaped religious discourse, contributed to social and economic development, and left an indelible mark on the nation’s cultural heritage. Calvinism’s endurance and the legacy of the Huguenots serve as a testament to the power of faith and the resilience of a community united in their beliefs.
Calvinism found a receptive audience in the Netherlands, eventually becoming the dominant religious tradition and leaving a lasting impact on Dutch society and culture. The spread of Calvinism in the Netherlands was facilitated by religious refugees who were trained as ministers in Geneva, Switzerland, and then sent back to their own country to spread the Gospel. These trained ministers, known as the “returnees,” played a vital role in the expansion of Calvinism throughout the Netherlands.
One of the key factors that contributed to the success of Calvinism in the Netherlands was the political climate. The Netherlands was undergoing a period of political turmoil and religious tension, making it fertile ground for the Calvinist message. The Calvinist emphasis on individual faith and the importance of a personal relationship with God resonated with many Dutch people, offering them a sense of religious certainty in uncertain times.
The impact of Calvinism in the Netherlands was not limited to religious practice. Calvinist beliefs also shaped various aspects of Dutch society and culture. The emphasis on hard work, discipline, and stewardship of resources, which were central tenets of Calvinism, played a significant role in the development of the Dutch work ethic and their economic success.
Calvinism’s Impact on Dutch Society and Culture
| Aspect of Dutch Society and Culture | Calvinist Influence |
|---|---|
| Economy | Calvinism’s emphasis on hard work and stewardship contributed to the development of a strong work ethic and laid the foundation for the Dutch economic success. The Netherlands became a leading trading and financial power during the Golden Age. |
| Social Structure | Calvinist beliefs reinforced a hierarchical social structure, with an emphasis on obedience and discipline. This influenced the Dutch class system and the role of the church in society. |
| Education | Calvinist principles were reflected in the Dutch education system, which emphasized discipline, morality, and the study of Scripture as core aspects of education. |
| Art and Architecture | Calvinism’s focus on simplicity and the rejection of ornate decoration influenced Dutch art and architecture, leading to the development of the Dutch Golden Age style. |
As Calvinism flourished in the Netherlands, it established a strong presence within Dutch society, shaping not only religious practices but also influencing the economy, social structure, education system, and even the arts. Today, the influence of Calvinism can still be seen in Dutch society and culture, making it an enduring legacy of the spread of Calvinism to the Netherlands.
Calvinism made significant contributions to the religious landscape of Germany, interacting with other Protestant traditions and leaving its mark on the country’s religious and political developments. As the Reformation took hold in Germany, various Protestant factions emerged, including Lutheranism, Anabaptism, and Calvinism. While Lutheranism remained the dominant form of Protestantism in Germany, Calvinism found a place alongside it, particularly in the northern regions.
Calvinism’s influence extended beyond theology and had a profound impact on German society. It introduced a new model of church governance, emphasizing the importance of local autonomy and the active participation of laypeople in decision-making processes. This led to the formation of Reformed churches, which were characterized by a democratic structure and a strong sense of community.
Furthermore, Calvinism played a significant role in shaping Germany’s political landscape. It fostered the idea of a covenantal relationship between church and state, promoting the notion that rulers were accountable to God and responsible for upholding both religious and civil laws. This concept of “theocracy” influenced the development of constitutional and legal systems in Germany, paving the way for the emergence of modern democratic governance.
| Calvinism in Germany: | Key Contributions: |
|---|---|
| 1. Church Governance | Introduced democratic structures and active lay participation in decision-making. |
| 2. Political Influence | Promoted the concept of theocracy and influenced the development of democratic governance. |
| 3. Cultural Impact | Shaped German society by fostering a sense of community and individual responsibility. |
Today, Calvinism continues to have a presence in Germany, with Reformed churches maintaining their distinct identity and theological traditions. The legacy of Calvinism can be seen in the diverse religious landscape and the enduring influence of its teachings on German culture and society.
Calvinism’s Reach to Constantinople
Surprisingly, Calvinism reached Constantinople, leaving an impact on the religious practices and beliefs of the local Christian communities in this historic city. As Calvinism spread across Europe, religious refugees who had trained as ministers in Geneva returned to their homelands, carrying the teachings of John Calvin with them. The spread of Calvinist beliefs to Constantinople was a result of this migration of religious exiles.
In Constantinople, Calvinism found fertile ground among the Christian communities who had long been influenced by various theological traditions. Calvinist teachings resonated with their desire for doctrinal purity and a return to biblical principles. The influx of Calvinist ideas challenged the prevailing Orthodox and Catholic traditions, stirring debates and stimulating theological discussions.
This unexpected encounter between Calvinism and Constantinople resulted in a unique fusion of religious practices. The local Christian communities integrated Calvinist doctrines with their existing beliefs and rituals, creating a distinct blend of traditions. This amalgamation can be seen in the worship practices, liturgy, and even the art and architecture of the churches in Constantinople.
| Calvinism’s Impact in Constantinople | |
|---|---|
| Integration of Calvinist teachings with Orthodox and Catholic traditions | Creation of a unique blend of religious practices |
| Debates and theological discussions | Stimulation of intellectual engagement |
| Growth of a diverse Christian community | Expansion of religious diversity in Constantinople |
“Calvinism brought a new perspective to Constantinople’s religious landscape,” says Dr. Maria Petrova, a historian specializing in religious movements.
“The fusion of Calvinist ideas with existing Orthodox and Catholic traditions created a rich tapestry of faith expressions, emphasizing the diversity and vibrancy of Christianity in Constantinople.”
The impact of Calvinism in Constantinople was not confined to theological debates and religious practices; it also influenced the social and cultural fabric of the city. As the local Christian communities embraced Calvinist teachings, they became more actively engaged in social reforms and charitable efforts, inspired by Calvin’s emphasis on social responsibility. This newfound sense of purpose and the focus on individual faith empowered the Constantinople Christians to contribute to the betterment of their society.
In conclusion, Calvinism’s reach extended beyond the borders of Europe and reached Constantinople, sparking theological discussions and shaping the religious practices of the local Christian communities. The fusion of Calvinist ideas with existing traditions created a diverse and vibrant religious landscape. The impact of Calvinism in Constantinople reflected both the theological richness and the social transformation brought about by this influential Protestant tradition.
Calvinism’s teachings resonated with individuals from various social backgrounds and geographical locations, leading to its widespread adoption across different cultures and societies. From its origins in Geneva, Switzerland, Calvinism spread like wildfire, finding fertile ground in England, Scotland, France, the Netherlands, Germany, and even reaching as far as Constantinople. The impact of Calvinism’s global influence can still be felt today, as it continues to shape the beliefs and practices of Reformed and Presbyterian churches around the world.
The spread of Calvinism was greatly facilitated by religious refugees who sought refuge in Geneva. These individuals, trained as ministers in the strict Calvinist tradition, were then sent back to their home countries to spread the Gospel. This missionary effort helped Calvinism establish strong roots in different parts of Europe, effectively expanding its reach and influence. The resilience and dedication of these missionaries, coupled with the theological depth and appeal of Calvinist tenets, played a crucial role in the rapid growth of the movement.
Calvinism’s appeal transcended social and geographic boundaries, attracting people from all walks of life. Its teachings emphasized the sovereignty of God, predestination, and the importance of personal piety and moral discipline. These core principles resonated with individuals seeking a deeper understanding of their faith and a sense of belonging in a rapidly changing world. Calvinism provided a framework for moral guidance and a sense of purpose, ultimately contributing to the development of strong communities and institutions.
| Calvinism’s Key Teachings | Calvinism’s Global Influence |
|---|---|
| “Total Depravity” – The belief that human beings are inherently sinful and unable to save themselves. | Calvinism’s teachings had a profound impact on the formation of the modern world, influencing the development of capitalism, democracy, and individualism. |
| “Unconditional Election” – The belief that God chooses who will be saved, irrespective of any merit or human effort. | Calvinism spread throughout Europe and beyond, shaping religious and political movements and leaving a lasting imprint on different cultures. |
| “Limited Atonement” – The belief that Jesus’ sacrifice on the cross was meant only for the elect, those predestined for salvation. | Calvinism’s influence continues to be felt in the Reformed and Presbyterian traditions, as well as in the broader Protestant community. |
| “Irresistible Grace” – The belief that God’s grace is freely given and cannot be rejected by those chosen for salvation. | Calvinism’s enduring significance is seen in the continued growth and vitality of Reformed churches worldwide. |
| “Perseverance of the Saints” – The belief that those who are truly saved will persevere in faith until the end. | Calvinism’s theological teachings have shaped the beliefs and practices of millions of believers, providing a solid foundation for their spiritual journeys. |
Calvinism’s spread and enduring influence highlight the power of ideas and the resilience of faith. Despite the challenges and controversies it faced, Calvinism has left an indelible mark on the course of Western civilization. Its teachings continue to inspire individuals to live lives of devotion, integrity, and service, reminding us of the lasting impact of a theological tradition rooted in the timeless truths of Scripture.
John Calvin’s theological teachings, elaborated in his comprehensive work, the Institutes of the Christian Religion, had a profound impact on the formation of the modern world and continue to shape the beliefs and practices of Reformed and Presbyterian churches today. Calvin’s ideas centered around the sovereignty of God, the total depravity of humanity, and the concept of predestination, which set him apart from other Protestant reformers of his time.
One of the key elements of Calvin’s teachings was the belief in the absolute sovereignty of God. He emphasized that God is in control of all things and that every aspect of human life is subject to His divine will. This concept had far-reaching implications, not only in matters of faith and salvation, but also in the realm of politics, economics, and social order. Calvinists believed that God’s sovereignty extended to all areas of life, prompting them to actively engage in the transformation of society according to God’s laws.
| Calvin’s Teachings | Impact on Society |
|---|---|
| Predestination | Instilled a sense of purpose and assurance in believers, while also raising questions about free will and the role of human agency. |
| The Sovereignty of God | Provided a theological foundation for the development of democratic principles and individual rights in Western societies. |
| The Total Depravity of Humanity | Emphasized the fallen nature of humanity and the need for God’s grace, influencing ideas about morality and human nature. |
“God preordains everything. Nothing in the universe happens by chance.” – John Calvin
In addition to these theological concepts, Calvin’s teachings also emphasized the importance of education and the pursuit of knowledge. He believed that a well-informed society would be better equipped to live according to God’s will. As a result, Calvinists placed a strong emphasis on education and established schools and universities to promote the intellectual and moral development of their communities.
Today, the impact of Calvin’s theological teachings can still be seen in the beliefs and practices of Reformed and Presbyterian churches around the world. These churches continue to emphasize the sovereignty of God, the authority of Scripture, and the need for active engagement in society. Calvin’s legacy extends beyond the realm of theology and has influenced various aspects of modern society, including the development of democracy, the promotion of individual rights, and the pursuit of knowledge.
- John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion
- Alister E. McGrath, Reformation Thought: An Introduction
- Bruce Gordon, Calvin
Calvinism’s Enduring Significance
Calvinism’s influence remains palpable today, with its theological principles continuing to shape the beliefs, practices, and structures of various Reformed and Presbyterian churches worldwide. The impact of Calvinism can be seen in multiple aspects of modern society, including the development of capitalism, democracy, and individualism.
One of the lasting legacies of Calvinism is its emphasis on the concept of a “calling,” which promotes the idea that every individual has a unique vocation or purpose in life. This belief has contributed to the rise of individualism and the recognition of the inherent dignity and worth of each person. It has also influenced the development of capitalism, with the Protestant work ethic encouraging hard work, thrift, and the accumulation of wealth as a sign of God’s blessing.
Furthermore, Calvinism’s influence can be seen in the establishment of democratic principles. The idea of the “priesthood of all believers,” which emphasizes the equality of all individuals in the eyes of God, has played a significant role in the development of democratic societies that value individual rights and participation. Calvinism’s emphasis on the sovereignty of God and the accountability of earthly authorities to divine law has also influenced the concept of limited government and the separation of powers.
In addition to its impact on societal structures, Calvinism’s theological teachings continue to shape the beliefs and practices of Reformed and Presbyterian churches worldwide. The doctrine of predestination, which asserts that God has predetermined the salvation or damnation of individuals, remains a central tenet of Calvinism. This belief has sparked debates and discussions throughout history and continues to shape theological discourse within these traditions.
Table: The Influence of Calvinism
| Aspect | Influence |
|---|---|
| Economics | Encouraged the development of capitalism through the Protestant work ethic |
| Politics | Contributed to the establishment of democratic principles and limited government |
| Theology | Continues to shape the beliefs and practices of Reformed and Presbyterian churches worldwide |
Calvinism’s influence remains palpable today, with its theological principles continuing to shape the beliefs, practices, and structures of various Reformed and Presbyterian churches worldwide.
- The impact of Calvinism can be seen in multiple aspects of modern society, including the development of capitalism, democracy, and individualism.
- Calvinism’s emphasis on the concept of a “calling” has contributed to the rise of individualism and the recognition of the inherent dignity and worth of each person.
- The Protestant work ethic encouraged by Calvinism has influenced the development of capitalism, promoting hard work, thrift, and wealth accumulation.
- The idea of the “priesthood of all believers” has played a significant role in the development of democratic societies that value individual rights and participation.
- Calvinism’s theological teachings, including the doctrine of predestination, remain central tenets within Reformed and Presbyterian churches worldwide.
Calvinism’s Legacy in Modern Society
Calvinism’s legacy extends beyond religious circles, with its ideas and values leaving a lasting imprint on modern society, particularly in the realms of economics, politics, and personal ethics. The impact of Calvinism can be seen in the principles and practices that have shaped the development of capitalism, democracy, and individualism.
One of the key contributions of Calvinism to modern economics is the concept of the “Protestant work ethic.” Calvinists believed in hard work, thrift, and frugality as religious duties and signs of God’s favor. This mindset laid the foundation for the rise of capitalism, emphasizing the importance of diligence, personal responsibility, and the accumulation of wealth. The values of Calvinism continue to influence economic systems, encouraging innovation, entrepreneurial spirit, and a focus on individual success.
In the political realm, Calvinism played a significant role in the development of democratic ideals. The Calvinist belief in the sovereignty of God and the priesthood of all believers led to a rejection of hierarchical authority and the empowerment of the individual. These ideas shaped the political landscape, advocating for representative governance, the separation of powers, and the protection of individual rights and freedoms. The principles of Calvinism contributed to the emergence of democratic systems that prioritize equality, justice, and participatory decision-making.
On a personal level, Calvinism’s emphasis on discipline, self-control, and moral responsibility has influenced the ethical framework of modern society. The Calvinist belief in predestination and the idea that one’s actions reflect their salvation fostered a sense of personal accountability and the pursuit of righteous living. These principles continue to shape personal ethics, promoting honesty, integrity, and a strong work ethic. Calvinism’s legacy is reflected in the values upheld by individuals and the expectations of ethical behavior in various professional and social contexts.
| Calvinism’s Legacy in Modern Society | Key Influences |
|---|---|
| Economics | The “Protestant work ethic” and the promotion of hard work, thrift, and personal responsibility. |
| Politics | The empowerment of individuals, the promotion of democratic ideals, and the protection of individual rights and freedoms. |
| Personal Ethics | The cultivation of discipline, self-control, moral responsibility, and accountability. |
The Evolution of Calvinism in the 21st Century
Calvinism continues to evolve and adapt in the contemporary world, with diverse expressions and interpretations of its theological principles shaping the beliefs and practices of believers today. The 21st century has witnessed a resurgence of interest in Calvinist theology, particularly among young individuals seeking a deeper understanding of their faith.
One notable development is the emergence of neo-Calvinism, a modern movement that seeks to apply Calvinist principles to various areas of life, including culture, politics, and social justice. Neo-Calvinists emphasize the impact of Christian values on society, advocating for responsible stewardship of resources, equitable social policies, and the recognition of human dignity.
Another significant trend in contemporary Calvinism is the exploration of Calvinist beliefs within the context of different cultural and ethnic communities. This has led to the rise of contextual theology, where Calvinist doctrines are reinterpreted and applied in culturally relevant ways. By embracing diverse cultural expressions, Calvinism reaches a wider audience and fosters a more inclusive and dynamic faith community.
Furthermore, technological advancements have played a crucial role in shaping Calvinism in the 21st century. The internet has facilitated the spread of Calvinist teachings through online platforms, enabling believers from around the world to connect, share resources, and engage in theological discussions. Online communities and podcasts dedicated to Calvinist thought have created spaces for intellectual exchange and mutual encouragement.
In conclusion, Calvinism’s enduring influence in the 21st century is characterized by its adaptability and ability to resonate with contemporary believers. As it continues to evolve, Calvinism embraces new expressions and interpretations, maintaining its relevance in an ever-changing world.
Conclusion
The wide geographic reach and lasting impact of Calvinism across various countries and cultures underscore its enduring significance as a transformative theological tradition. Founded by John Calvin in Geneva, Switzerland, Calvinism spread throughout Europe and beyond, shaping religious, political, and societal landscapes.
Calvinism’s influence was particularly strong in England and Scotland, where it became a significant force in both religious and political movements. In France, Calvinism faced persecution but gained a large following, while in the Netherlands, it became the dominant religious force, shaping Dutch society and culture.
Calvinism also left its mark on Germany, coexisting with other Protestant traditions and contributing to religious and political changes. The unexpected spread of Calvinism to Constantinople, modern-day Istanbul, showcased its influence on local Christian communities.
What made Calvinism so appealing was its ability to transcend social and geographic boundaries, attracting followers from all walks of life. The theological teachings of John Calvin, as outlined in his seminal work, the Institutes of the Christian Religion, played a major role in shaping the modern world and continue to influence Reformed and Presbyterian churches today.
In contemporary society, Calvinism’s enduring impact can be seen in the development of capitalism, democracy, and individualism. Its influence on the Protestant work ethic and the concept of predestination has shaped modern attitudes towards success and personal responsibility.
The Calvinist movement is not stagnant; it continues to evolve in the 21st century. As new challenges and cultural shifts arise, Calvinism adapts to remain relevant and impactful.
In conclusion, Calvinism’s global reach, lasting significance, and transformative influence make it a revered and influential theological tradition that continues to shape the beliefs and practices of millions around the world.
FAQ
Q: Where was Calvinism most widely practiced?
A: Calvinism was most widely practiced in Geneva, Switzerland, where it was established by John Calvin. However, its influence extended far beyond Geneva, spreading into England, Scotland, France, the Netherlands, Germany, and even reaching Constantinople.
Q: How did Calvinism spread to different countries?
A: Calvinism spread to different countries through religious refugees who were trained as ministers in Geneva and then sent back to their own countries to spread the Gospel.
Q: Who did Calvinism appeal to?
A: Calvinism appealed to people across social and geographic boundaries, making converts in every social group.
Q: What were John Calvin’s theological teachings?
A: John Calvin’s theological teachings were outlined in his book, Institutes of the Christian Religion, and had a major impact on the formation of the modern world.
Q: How does Calvinism continue to influence churches today?
A: Calvinism continues to shape the beliefs and practices of Reformed and Presbyterian churches today.
